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Their massive joining in the national fight was for the Jews the proof that there were permanently elected as French in the «  Union Sacrée » of Barrès, and the main actors were Hertz and Mauss. But the « Israélites » are still held as hostages of a major contradiction in war cultures : these, on one hand, acknowledge them in order to reach a better cohesion while entering the battle with the enemy, but nonetheless, consider them as enemies within the country, the more dangerous as they are the less perceptible. This can explain why a man like Durkheim could become the victim to such abuses, issued from the incomprehensible anxiety of some in front of a minority religion, and mostly, and this is not paradoxical, when « identification » is made difficult because of the absence of religious practice and assimilation.