Borraz, Olivier <br/><br/>
The era of crises: A historical perspective on crisis management in France 

 -  2025.<br/>							 
<br/><br/> 6 
<br/><br/> Since the late 20th century, the management of extreme events in France has evolved into an institutionalized “crisis management” approach. Beginning with the storms of 1999, the State adopted a systemic perspective toward threats to public order. Three phases mark this evolution: local management led by Prefects (1999-2007), interministerial coordination embodied by the SGDSN (2008-2016), and, since 2017, increased centralization around the President and the Defense and Security Council. Despite growing formalization, each crisis is treated as unique, limiting collective learning. This approach is reinforced by political, legal, and organizational concerns. Crisis management has become a regular tool of governance, used beyond strictly emergencies.