Martin, Gilles J. <br/><br/>
Démondialisation et remondialisation : le droit face au défi de la dépendance économique et de la souveraineté 

 -  2024.<br/>							 
<br/><br/> 69 
<br/><br/> Démondialisation, « remondialisation », ces termes laissent entendre qu’il y a un mouvement, en tout cas une certaine errance, de la mondialisation dite « heureuse » des années 2000 à la démondialisation provoquée par des événements extérieurs au système économique, avant que ne se dessinent les contours d’une nouvelle mondialisation dont les caractères sont encore mal définis. C’est donc l’image d’un bateau ballotté par des vents et des courants contraires sur l’Océan de la mondialisation qui s’impose, bateau dont les pilotes recherchent une boussole. C’est d’abord l’Océan lui-même qui doit retenir l’attention, car il a profondément changé et ces changements obligent à redéfinir le cap que devront suivre les navires. L’Océan est peu à peu dessiné aujourd’hui comme montrant plutôt la juxtaposition de mers territoriales, certes encore reliées par d’imposants détroits, mais au sein desquelles chaque groupe de nations riveraines tente de réintégrer dans son circuit productif tous les secteurs économiques perçus comme nécessaires pour faire converger sécurité géopolitique et impératif écologique. Sur cet Océan revisité, des vents et des modèles nouveaux, issus pour plusieurs d’entre eux des plaines environnementales et sociales, porteurs aussi de considérations sensibles aux droits humains, soufflent un peu plus fort que jadis et doivent être pris en compte par des équipages dont la composition et les missions sont assez sensiblement repensées.  De-globalisation, “re-globalisation”, these terms suggest that there is a movement, or at least a certain wandering, from the so-called “happy” globalisation of the 2000s to the de-globalisation triggered by events outside the economic system, before the contours of a new globalisation take shape, the characteristics of which are still poorly defined. The image that emerges is of a boat being tossed about by opposing winds and currents on the ocean of globalisation, a boat whose pilots are looking for a compass. It’s the Ocean itself that needs first the attention because it has changed profoundly, and these changes are forcing to redefine the course that the ships will have to follow. Today, the Ocean is gradually being described as more of a juxtaposition of territorial seas, still linked by imposing straits, but within which each group of coastal nations is trying to reintegrate into its productive circuit all the economic sectors perceived as necessary to reconcile geopolitical security and ecological imperatives. The aim is not only to avoid closing the straits and continue to encourage trade, but also to considerably enrich the rules of navigation, which can no longer be reduced to rules that attempt to regulate competition. In this context, new winds and models are blowing a little harder than in the past across this revisited Ocean, many of them stemming from the environmental and social plains, but also from considerations sensitive to human rights. Among others, the impact assessment and impact study models, those derived from the guiding principles of environmental law, the concept of general average or salvage charges, the legal personality of natural entities, and the compliance and vigilance models carry certain values or new forms of regulation well beyond the territories in which they were born. To take account of these profound changes, the composition and missions of crews need to be significantly rethought. Companies, their shareholders and external investors, their employees, stakeholders, and more and more often judges are being invited into the cockpit, if not to take the helm, except in crisis situations, but at least to put forward their analyses, while the place and role of the State have been profoundly transformed. The prime qualities of the State should be its ability to lead deliberations, to find compromises without abandoning its demands, to devise innovative solutions with the other members of the crew, to plan the transition and, last but not least, to invest massively to make the necessary bifurcations possible and to support the losers. In terms of international relations, its role should no longer consist solely of participating in COPs, but of implementing effective – and no longer merely declarative – cooperation, just like what is emerging through the “Partnerships for a Just Energy Transition”. Beyond that, we need to ask ourselves whether organisations such as the OECD are not the ideal place for such cooperation to take account of the new trends in globalisation.