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According to the author, there was no difference in the Israeli perception of Holocaust survivors before and after 1967. Jablonka claims that one may define four different periods between 1945 and 1969. In the 50s, enormous differences existed between the survivors and Israeli society, in fact, there was no common language. Both sides were stymied in an era of struggle with the twin challenges of national defense and social integration. In this context, the Eichmann Trial was a turning point both inside and outside Israel. However, evolution of a change which then starkly appears was, in fact, developing for quite a few years, during which opposing narratives of several kinds of perceptions appeared, for instance self-awareness of the survivors themselves and of their experience.