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En dépit de dynamiques spatialement hétérogènes concernant l’évolution des valeurs immobilières en France depuis le début du xxie siècle, la distribution spatiale de la richesse immobilière demeure peu étudiée. Le déficit de travaux empiriques s’explique en partie par l’absence de données individuelles. Afin de pallier ce problème, nous corrigeons une erreur structurelle des données fiscales françaises permettant de mesurer la concentration des patrimoines immobiliers et fonciers grâce à la construction d’un identifiant national unique des propriétaires. À partir de cette correction, nous documentons la spécialisation spatiale de la structure de la propriété en fonction du niveau de prix de marché. Nous montrons que la part des logements possédés par des monopropriétaires diminue avec le niveau de prix de marché, contrairement aux multipropriétaires. Toutefois, la structure de la propriété a évolué depuis dix ans, les SCI progressant quelque soient les niveaux de prix de marché et au détriment des propriétaires physiques.

Although housing values in France have increased unevenly over the past twenty years, the spatial distribution of housing wealth has not been thoroughly studied. This lack of empirical research can be attributed to the absence of geocoded individual data, unlike countries such as Sweden or Norway. While French tax property files are available, they contain a structural error that makes it difficult to identify homeowners. Currently, these files enable the identification of housing properties detained at the department level, which is a major limitation when studying housing portfolios. To overcome this issue, we have constructed an invariant identifier at the country level using the civil status. Based on our error calculations, we estimate that the error correction process is highly satisfactory. It improves the measurement of the number of housing properties detained by each homeowner in France over the last decade. Furthermore, it enables the calculation of individual portfolio trajectories. By utilizing this enhancement of property tax records, we demonstrate the spatial aspect of property composition. We emphasize that the composition of properties is dependent on the level of house prices. The proportion of properties owned by multiple individuals increases significantly with the price level, while the proportion owned by single individuals decreases. Lastly, we reveal significant changes in the composition of properties over the past decade. The Société Civile Immobilière (SCI) has increased its market share independently of the market price level. In contrast, the market share held by single and multiple owners has decreased. Although the mechanisms behind this trend remain unclear, it raises new questions about potential consequences for the housing market.