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Substantive rules of international trade have emerged and developed, especially in connection with international business transactions. Directly applicable to international business transactions, those norms have over time and to a certain extent supplemented the traditional conflict rule of private international law. Substantive rules regulating international trade have gradually emerged in the international legal landscape in response to the need of the business community to conduct efficient business transactions. In areas such as international sales of goods, international transportation, international financial services, international investment, and the aerospace industry, we have witnessed growth in substantive international rules and principles directly applicable in each sector. Those rules share the same goal: to economically optimize international business transactions. This paper analyzes how substantive rules have emerged in different sectors of international trade in response to the need of the business community to conduct efficient international business transactions.