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Seen from the West, political debates and developments in China are not always easy to decipher. In March 2012, the news that Bo Xilai, the leader of the direct-controlled municipality of Chongqing (which has a population of almost thirty million inhabitants), had been demoted did not cause as much surprise as the discovery that Bo was the leader of the “neo-Maoists” in China. In the present fall of 2012, the Eighteenth Congress of the Chinese Communist Party will be held in Beijing. In the previous months, even interviewing well-informed persons, it was almost impossible to obtain a hint of what would come out of the meeting. The present interview must be understood as a broad fresco of the major intellectual currents that underpin contemporary debates in China, with a special emphasis on their historical background. The central theme is “anticapitalism” since, surprisingly enough, this remains the axis around which present controversies revolve.