000			01857cam a2200229 4500500
005			20251012024454.0
041			_afre
042			_adc
100	1	0	_aTung, Sarah _eauthor
700	1	0	_a Pénin, Julien _eauthor
245	0	0	_aScience–Industry Intermediaries from the Renaissance Period until WWII: An Evolutionary Framework
260			_c2025.
500			_a94
520			_aWe analyze the evolution of science-industry intermediaries in the West from the Renaissance period to World War II. Using a neo-Schumpeterian evolutionary framework, the research highlights how intermediaries emerged and evolved to address three main categories of obstacles in science-industry relations: transaction costs (or Williamson-type barriers), cultural differences (or Merton-type barriers), and tacit knowledge transfer (or Polanyi-type barriers). The study reveals that early intermediaries (before the first Industrial Revolution) focused primarily on reducing transaction costs, while later periods (the first and second industrial age) saw them take on broader responsibilities, such as facilitating knowledge transfer and addressing cultural divides, as science and industry became more institutionalized and separated. By analyzing various forms of intermediation, including patrons, exhibitions, academic and industrial societies, patent agents, etc., this work provides insights into the changing nature of science-industry relations and the complex and adaptive role of intermediaries.
690			_aEconomics of Science
690			_aInnovation Intermediaries
690			_aScience-Industry Links
690			_aTechnology Transfer
690			_aTTOs
786	0		_nInnovations | hors-série | HS1 | 2025-10-10 | p. 157-157 | 1267-4982
856	4	1	_uhttps://shs.cairn.info/revue-innovations-2025-HS1-page-157?lang=fr&redirect-ssocas=7080
999			_c1544085 _d1544085