000			01245cam a2200205 4500500
005			20250112034336.0
041			_afre
042			_adc
100	1	0	_aPicon, Antoine _eauthor
245	0	0	_aCities and information systems: From the birth of modern urbanism to the emergence of the smart city
260			_c2018.
500			_a59
520			_aThis article shows how the recent rise of the smart city approach is actually rooted in a long history of the relations between cities and information systems. This history begins at the end of the 19th century, with the development of information-based societies. It continues during the period of cybernetics and systems theory which proved to be especially influential from the 1950s to the early 1970s. The issues raised by the smart city approach are discussed in the last part of the article. At each of these stages, doctrines and urban practices evolve in direct relation with the issue of the city as a set of information systems.
690			_ahistory of urbanism
690			_asystems theory
690			_acybernetics
690			_asmart city
786	0		_nFlux | o 111-112 | 1 | 2018-05-04 | p. 80-93
856	4	1	_uhttps://shs.cairn.info/journal-flux-2018-1-page-80?lang=en
999			_c167747 _d167747