94

Collaborative innovation is an organizational process that brings together a variety of public and private actors, faced with a gap between their practices and the outcomes achieved. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are part of several pilot projects involving public agencies, NGOs, local businesses, and professional associations. They reflect a shift toward renewed forms of cooperation aimed at enhancing performance and adaptability. Within this framework, this study focuses on collaborative innovations related to PPPs in the vocational training system in Tunisia. This system is undergoing significant transformation, marked by growing involvement of private actors (…) and a public commitment to tackling challenges related to employability and the alignment between training and employment. This dynamic calls for adaptive innovation, particularly in terms of local governance, co-construction of training pathways, and the modernization of teaching practices (digitalization, work-study programs, and job competency frameworks).