This ebook consists of papers presented at the European Educational Conference on Research (ECER) in Cadiz, Spain in 2012. The European Educational Conference on Research (ECER) is the yearly conference for the European Educational Research Association (EERA), where local and regional European research associations encourage collaboration, communication, and dissemination of research. The presenters and the audience came from all around the world, which is also reflected here, with authors from Australia, Germany, Norway, Sweden, and the United States. The interest in comparative research and in the process of learning from other contexts is growing. Conferences are a good venue for meeting others with the same interest in a topic or phenomenon. Even if North America and the English speaking countries still dominate the field, we can see more and more research from other countries—research that sometimes challenges what we take for granted, and that sometimes confirms things we already know. Almost all of these articles have a qualitative approach. Many build on case studies. One of the articles uses a factor model and a cluster analysis, something we also see during the conferences. Most leadership research involves small, qualitative studies, even as mixed-method approaches are growing. Authors discuss subjects such as heroic leadership, leadership for school success, school superintendents, autonomous leadership vs. a centralised school system, school boards, and pedagogical leadership.