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The aim of this study is to highlight the determining role of school learning conditions in student performance. We apply the stochastic frontier method to a sample of 151 primary schools in Senegal. The results reveal an inefficiency of primary schools, with a technical efficiency score of 86.01%. They also show the determining role of intra-school factors in student efficiency. The rate of teacher absenteeism, the teacher’s salary, and late payments significantly explain student inefficiency. The level of the teacher and his/her experience significantly influence academic performance. The analysis also shows that the material conditions of learning in the school and in the classroom are decisive for academic performance. The school’s basic infrastructure and the textbook/student ratio have a significant impact on academic performance. However, certain variables such as the textbook/student ratio and the age (experience) of the teacher are marked by threshold effects. JEL Codes: C13, D61, H52, I21.