Calling a Spade a Spade: Allegorical Tools in the Pilgrimage of the Lyfe of the Manhode and Chaundler's Liber apologeticus
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The allegory in Guillaume de Digulleville’s Pèlerinages (1330-1358) is known to rely heavily on craftsmen’s tools —just as the medieval Sunday Christs extant in English and Alpine wall-paintings. In an illuminated copy of the Pilgrimage of the Lyfe of the Manhode, Labour the mat-maker, whose activity symbolizes the author’s industriousness, is given a spade as attribute, thus aligning with Ricardian authors’ humility topoi. In Thomas Chaundler’s Liber apologeticus (c. 1460), a spade is introduced in the allegorizing scheme, identifying mankind and Adam, but also hinting that the author hopes for “mediocre” perfection, in proto-Renaissance fashion.
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