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Over the last hundred years, the acceleration of world population growth, the urbanization of the population and the phenomenal increase in meat consumption have led to an explosion in the demand for proteins, resulting in changes in food systems and agricultural mutations to the benefit of soybean cultivation in particular. As the star protein of an intensive meat production system, soybean has become a pillar of world food security and the object of geopolitical stakes. Heavily criticized for the consequences of its production on the environment, soybean production is being questioned in favor of protein independence strategies based on new resources. These alternatives, in which agriculture no longer plays a central role, could redefine new geopolitics of proteins and, in the long term, mark a possible civilizational turning point.