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The aim of this study was to quantify and qualify mistaken identities in a current medical records archive. The medical records are classified by identification indexes (day and month of birth, the first letter of their surname) by category where their placement is a function of the record’s status defined as “current”, “semi-current” or “dead”. All of the medical records marked as “current” (n = 43 592), dating between 12 February 2004 to 11 March 2004, were analysed. 1397 (3,2%) contained at least one error, totalling 1456 errors, or an average of 1,04 errors per record. The errors were classified into two types: misidentification (1254 or 86,1%) and logistical errors ( 202 or 13,9%). 256 serious mistakes were identified as representing 17,6% of the cases. The staff costs associated with managing these errors totalled 12 408 €, corresponding to a cost of 8,88 € per error. The immediate impact is a reduction in the workload of staff directly due to the absence of the missing file. The depth of this problem was more significant than had been suggested by the indicators, both qualitatively and quantitatively. These results should be used to advocate for the implementation of a policy on continuous quality assessment (scoring the quality of the creation of the record, and scoring the intervention).